1. University of Alberta, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 1-060 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada
2. University of Alberta, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 7-389 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211 116th Street, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
3. University of Alberta, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 7-243 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211 116th Street, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada (Corresponding author), e-mail: abayat@ualberta.ca