1. School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, P.R. of China, 150040
2. School of Civil Engineering, Permafrost Institute, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, P.R. of China, 150040
3. Institute of Cold Regions Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, P.R. of China, 150040
4. Northeast-China Observatory and Research-Station of Permafrost Geo-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, P.R. of China, 150040, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0804-086X (Q.L.)
5. State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 320, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People’s Republic of China (Corresponding author), e-mail: zez@nefu.edu.cn, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7330-031X
6. State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 320, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People’s Republic of China
7. Department of Geocryology, Faculty of Geology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119234
8. Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, No. 36, Merzlotny Rd., Yakutsk, 677010, Russian Federation, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7910-9441 (A.M.)