Zanthoxylum Alatum Attenuates Chronic Restraint Stress Adverse Behavioral Effects Via the Mitigation of Oxidative Stress and Modulating the Expression of Genes Involved in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mice

Abstract

Introduction: The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are important, particularly in the proteins’ synthesis, folding, modification, and transport. Based on traditional medicine and our previous studies on Zanthoxylum alatum in lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive behavior and scopolamine-induced impaired memory, the present study explored the role of hydroalcoholic extract of Z. alatum (ZAHA) seeds in reducing the ER stress in mice. Methods: The mice were restrained for 28 days in polystyrene tubes. ZAHA (100 and 200 mg/kg, PO) and imipramine (10 mg/kg, IP) were administered daily, 45 min before restraint from day 22 to 28. The mice were assessed by the forced swim test. Also, the antioxidant enzyme levels of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured in the hippocampus of mice. The expression of 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), 94 kDa Glucose-Regulated Protein (GRP94), and C/EBPhomologous protein (CHOP) genes was assessed by real-time PCR to explore the molecular mechanism. Results: ZAHA (100 and 200 mg/kg, PO, and imipramine, IP) counteracted the stress by significantly reducing the immobility time in the force swimming test, receding oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant enzyme (SOD and GSH) levels were elevated in the restraint stress group. Down-regulation of genes (GRP78, GRP94, and CHOP) compared to the chronic restraint stress group indicated stress modulating properties of the seeds in ER stress. Hesperidin, magnoflorine, melicopine, and sesamin, isolated from the active extract, were hypothesized to exert the activity. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Z. alatum reverted chronic restraint stress through its antioxidant properties and down-regulation of genes involved in ER stress.