1. Centre for Diagnosis of Inherited Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, Unità Operativa Complessa Pneumologia, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy;
2. Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy;
3. α-1 Foundation Ireland, Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland;
4. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Pulmonology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy;
5. European Reference Network on Rare Respiratory Diseases (ERN-LUNG); and
6. University College London Respiratory, Rayne Institute and the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom