Uptake of 15N-urea and phosphates in Triticum aestivum with Pseudomonas putida and Rhizophagus irregularis endophytes of calcareous soil weeds

Abstract

In calcareous soil, the growth and production of _Triticum aestivu_m depends on the availability of phosphates, which in turn reduces the uptake of nitrogen in the form of urea, which causes volatilization and partial leaching of both fertilizers, contributing to the greenhouse effect, and warming global. An alternative ecological solution for _T. aestivum _is to inoculate _Pseudomonas putida _and_ Rhizophagus irregularis_ with endophytes that increase phosphorus uptake such as P2O5 and urea. The objective of this research was to analyze the uptake and distribution of 15N-urea in _T. aestivum_ with _P. putida _and _R. irregularis_ fertilized with 50% urea and P2O5. In this sense, _P. putida _and_ R. irregularis_ isolated from roots of _Resenda luteola _and_ Arista purpurea_ native to the calcareous soil of northeastern Mexico. In_ T. aestivum_ with these endophytes, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in root and stem, N (nitrogen) uptake from total urea (Nt) and yield (Y). The experimental data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey (P<0.01). The results showed a positive response of _T. aestivum to P. putida _and _R. irregularis_ with 60 kg/ha of urea and 40 kg/ha of P2O5, equivalent to the 50% recommended for this region of Mexico. It was evidenced that in _T. aestivum, P. putida, _and _R. irregularis _endophytes of desert weeds improved the uptake of urea and P2O5 to 50% by phytohormones that optimized nitrogen with phosphatases, soil phosphate and that from the applied fertilizer. The Nt in stem and the yield of _T. aestivum _with_ P. putida and R. irregularis_ reached statistically different numerical values to those registered in _T. aestivum _with 120 kg/ha of urea and 80 kg/ha of P2O5 without _P. putida _and_ R. irregularis _at 100% (relative control), consequently the performance of _T. aestivum_ in calcareous soils. It is avoided by the generation of greenhouse gases, the contamination of surface water, by using the beneficial interaction of endophytes with weeds with _T. aestivum,_ as well as global warming.