Properties of elementary particles, dark matter, and dark energy

Abstract

This paper points to, proposes explanations for, and extrapolates based on patterns that pertain to the following - properties of objects, elementary particle data, dark matter data, and dark energy phenomena. The paper suggests new elementary particles, a specification for dark matter, a description of dark energy, and insight regarding galaxy formation. Data pertaining to dark matter (especially ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects) and to dark energy phenomena (including aspects that associate with tensions - between data and modeling - that pertain to large-scale phenomena) might tend to confirm the suggestions. The proposed explanations associate with a new elementary-particle internal quantum number - isomer - and with pattern matches that associate with solutions to Diophantine equations. A new principle (conservation of degrees-of-freedom-related aspects) links the Diophantine equations to popular physics modeling that has bases in space-time coordinates. This paper suggests that nature includes six isomers of most known elementary particles. Five isomers associate with most dark matter. Solutions to Diophantine equations suggest means to catalog properties of objects, to interrelate properties of elementary particles and other objects, and to gain insight regarding interactions between objects. Modeling regarding charged lepton anomalous magnetic moments suggests advantages for modeling elementary particles as being other than point-like.