Measurement uncertainty estimation of free drug concentrations in clinical laboratories using equilibrium dialysis

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Developing procedures based on equilibrium dialysis (ED) that allow measuring the free drug concentration in plasma improves therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in those cases where its measurement is justified. However, this procedure requires specific sample preparation and presents different pitfalls, which are not error-free. As with any result provided by a clinical laboratory, this one should be as accurate as possible to allow a correct clinical interpretation. The measurement uncertainty (MU) is a parameter that enables the accuracy of results to be known, and that is mandated by ISO 15189. Herein, this study suggests how the MU for the results of the free drug concentrations in serum could be estimated when an ED is used. Methods A combination of the top-down and bottom-up approaches was used to estimate the MU based on the ISO/TS 20914:2019 and JCGM 100:2008 guidelines, including the concentration of free phenytoin in serum, as an example. Different scenarios were incorporated considering or not a significant bias related to the primary drawbacks of ED: the non-specific binding, the volume shift effect and the Gibbs-Donnan effect. Results The expanded uncertainties estimated ranged between 13.0 and 30.9 %. The highest MU corresponded to the free drug concentrations in serum results when significant biases related to the volume shift and Gibbs-Donnan effects exist. Conclusions A detailed estimation of MU for free drug concentrations is presented using ED, considering different scenarios. This study could stimulate clinical laboratories to perform MU studies and its application in TDM.