Reference ranges for GDF-15, and risk factors associated with GDF-15, in a large general population cohort
Author:
Welsh Paul1, Kimenai Dorien M.2, Marioni Riccardo E.3, Hayward Caroline4, Campbell Archie3, Porteous David3, Mills Nicholas L.25, O’Rahilly Stephen67, Sattar Naveed1
Affiliation:
1. School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK 2. BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK 3. Institute of Genetics and Cancer (IGC) , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK 4. MRC Human Genetics Unit (HGU) , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK 5. Usher Institute , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK 6. MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK 7. NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre , Cambridge , UK
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is attracting interest as a biomarker in several areas of medicine. We aimed to evaluate the reference range for GDF-15 in a general population, and to explore demographics, classical cardiovascular disease risk factors, and other cardiac biomarkers associated with GDF-15.
Methods
GDF-15 was measured in serum from 19,462 individuals in the Generation Scotland Scottish Family Health Study. Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with GDF-15 were tested using adjusted linear regression. Among 18,507 participants with no heart disease, heart failure, or stroke, and not pregnant, reference ranges (median and 97.5th centiles) were derived by decade age bands and sex.
Results
Among males in the reference range population, median (97.5th centile) GDF-15 concentration at age <30 years was 537 (1,135) pg/mL, rising to 931 (2,492) pg/mL at 50–59 years, and 2,152 (5,972) pg/mL at ≥80 years. In females, median GDF-15 at age <30 years was 628 (2,195) pg/mL, 881 (2,323) pg/mL at 50–59 years, and 1847 (6,830) pg/mL at ≥80 years. Among those known to be pregnant, median GDF-15 was 19,311 pg/mL. After adjustment, GDF-15 was higher in participants with adverse cardiovascular risk factors, including current smoking (+26.1%), those with previous heart disease (+12.7%), stroke (+17.1%), heart failure (+25.3%), and particularly diabetes (+60.2%). GDF-15 had positive associations with cardiac biomarkers cardiac troponin I, cardiac troponin T, and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).
Conclusions
These data define reference ranges for GDF-15 for comparison in future studies, and identify potentially confounding risk factors and mediators to be considered in interpreting GDF-15 concentrations.
Funder
Roche Diagnostics Medical Research Council Scottish Funding Council British Heart Foundation Health Data Research UK Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates
Publisher
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Subject
Biochemistry (medical),Clinical Biochemistry,General Medicine
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