Comprehensive review of surface contamination in nuclear waste waters: identification, quantification, and mitigation strategies

Abstract

Abstract The safety and reliability of nuclear facilities hinge critically on addressing metallic surface contamination in nuclear waste waters. This contamination poses significant hazards to the environment, human health, and the structural integrity of equipment. Key contaminants include heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury from industrial processes, and radioactive isotopes like uranium, plutonium, and cesium, which present severe radiological risks due to their formation during nuclear reactions and fuel cycles. Corrosive chemicals further exacerbate the problem by promoting the accumulation of rust and other metallic compounds. Additionally, organic contaminants from equipment leaks and microbiological elements, including fungi and bacteria, can form biofilms that accelerate the corrosion process. The objective of this review is to evaluate the various techniques used to identify and quantify these contaminants on metal surfaces, such as surface sampling and microbiological analysis. By implementing appropriate mitigation measures based on these findings, it is possible to reduce risks and ensure the safety and operational integrity of nuclear plants. This comprehensive assessment aims to provide a framework for enhancing contamination management practices in nuclear facilities.