Mercury and cadmium-induced inflammatory cytokines activation and its effect on the risk of preeclampsia: a review

Abstract

Abstract During the last decade, there has been an increase in exposure to heavy metals that can affect human health and the environment, especially mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd). These exposures can pollute the rivers or oceans, then contaminating marine organisms. Humans as the last consumer of this food chain cycle can be a place for the bioaccumulation of Hg and Cd, especially for people living in coastal areas, including pregnant women. Exposure to heavy metals Hg and Cd can have a high risk of triggering blood vessel disorders, penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the placental barrier, one of which can increase the risk of preeclampsia. Several immunological biomarkers such as some cytokines associated with Hg and Cd exposure are also involved in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, which are the placental implantation process and endothelial dysfunction in pregnant women. Therefore, countries that have a high incidence of preeclampsia should be aware of the environmental factors, especially heavy metal pollution such as Hg and Cd.