How does formal and informal industry contribute to lead exposure? A narrative review from Vietnam, Uruguay, and Malaysia
Author:
Poudel Kritika123, Ikeda Atsuko124, Fukunaga Hisanori4, Brune Drisse Marie-Noel5, Onyon Lesley Jayne5, Gorman Julia5, Laborde Amalia6, Kishi Reiko12
Affiliation:
1. Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan 2. WHO Collaborating Center for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards , Sapporo , Japan 3. Centre for Health Equity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia 4. Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan 5. Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland 6. Department of Toxicology , Faculty of Medicine, Republic University of Montevideo , Montevideo , Uruguay
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Lead industries are one of the major sources of environmental pollution and can affect human through different activities, including industrial processes, metal plating, mining, battery recycling, etc. Although different studies have documented the various sources of lead exposure, studies highlighting different types of industries as sources of environmental contamination are limited. Therefore, this narrative review aims to focus mainly on lead industries as significant sources of environmental and human contamination.
Content
Based on the keywords searched in bibliographic databases we found 44 relevant articles that provided information on lead present in soil, water, and blood or all components among participants living near high-risk areas. We presented three case scenarios to highlight how lead industries have affected the health of citizens in Vietnam, Uruguay, and Malaysia.
Summary and Outlook
Factories conducting mining, e-waste processing, used lead-acid battery recycling, electronic repair, and toxic waste sites were the primary industries for lead exposure. Our study has shown lead exposure due to industrial activities in Vietnam, Uruguay, Malaysia and calls for attention to the gaps in strategic and epidemiologic efforts to understand sources of environmental exposure to lead fully. Developing strategies and guidelines to regulate industrial activities, finding alternatives to reduce lead toxicity and exposure, and empowering the public through various community awareness programs can play a crucial role in controlling exposure to lead.
Publisher
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Subject
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health,Pollution,Health (social science)
Reference120 articles.
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