Breast cancer status, grading system, etiology, and challenges in Asia: an updated review
Author:
Tan Xiao Jian123ORCID, Cheor Wai Loon24, Cheng Ee Meng356, Ab Rahman Khairul Shakir7, Wan Muhamad Wan Zuki Azman8, Leow Wai Zhe9
Affiliation:
1. Centre for Multimodal Signal Processing, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology (TAR UMT) , Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering , Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology (TAR UMT) , Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 3. Sports Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) , Arau , Malaysia 4. TE Connectivity Operations Sdn. Bhd , Perai , Penang , Malaysia 5. Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) , Arau , Malaysia 6. Advanced Communication Engineering (ACE) Centre of Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) , Kangar , Malaysia 7. Department of Pathology , Hospital Tuanku Fauziah , Jalan Tun Abdul Razak , Kangar , Malaysia 8. Institute of Engineering Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) , Arau , Malaysia 9. Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) , Arau , Malaysia
Abstract
Abstract
The number of breast cancer incidences reported worldwide has increased tremendously over the years. Scoping down to Asia, in 2020, the reported incidences of breast cancer are appalling, comprising 1,026,171 cases, occupying up to 45.4% of cases across the globe. Breast cancer is a non-communicable disease, that emerges in variegated forms, self-subsistent, and the etiology is observed to be multifactorial, dependent on the individual reproductive pattern, hormonal factors, diet, physical activity, lifestyle, and exposure to certain advent procedures. Given this complexity, breast cancer is expected to undergo a persistent increment in the number of incidences in near future, exacerbating the public health quality, regardless of race, ethnicity, geographical subgroups, and socioeconomic. In this review article, the authors examine breast cancer in multiple facets, comprising the updated statistics on breast cancer, typically in Asia; etiology of breast cancer; diagnosis of breast cancer; grading system; and challenges in breast cancer from the country’s income perspective. Realizing the ever-increasing demand for quality treatment, here, the article also contemplates common therapies in breast cancer, such as breast-conserving therapy, mastectomy, postmastectomy radiation therapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, axillary surgery, chemotherapy, adjuvant medical therapies, biological and targeted therapies, and endocrine therapy. This review article intended to provide a brief yet broad panoramic view of breast cancer, to readers, ranging from newcomers, existing researchers, and relevant stakeholders in the topic of interest.
Funder
Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology
Publisher
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
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