Timing and Pace of Neolithisation in the Dutch Wetlands (c. 5000–3500 cal. BC)

Author:

Raemaekers Daan1,Demirci Özge1,Kamjan Safoora1,Talebi Taravat1,Schepers Mans2,Huisman Hans13,Peeters Hans1,Ҫakirlar Canan1

Affiliation:

1. Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands

2. Centre for Landscape Studies, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands

3. Dutch State Agency for Cultural Heritage , Amersfoort , Netherlands

Abstract

Abstract This article presents an overview of the current evidence on the process of Neolithisation in the Dutch wetlands. Over the years, several models have been proposed with different perspectives on the timing and pace of the process: a long transition, an early short transition, and a late short transition. The applicability of any of these models is, of course, dependent of the evidence. In this article, we briefly discuss recently obtained data from the Netherlands on vegetation disturbance (woodland clearing), soil disturbance (tillage), cereal cultivation, animal husbandry, and the use of ceramics. The data discussed involve palynological, sedimentary, micromorphological, archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological, as well as lipid analyses. Hence, it is concluded that from the mid fifth millennium cal. BC onwards, various aspects of a more “Neolithic lifestyle” become apparent in the archaeological record, including cereal cultivation on a structural, but small-scale basis in wetland environments. However, despite the “gradual” tendency that can be observed, the evidence is as yet inconclusive with regard to any of the models, due to persisting limitations of the datasets, potential regional variability, and aspects of scale. A new project, the Emergence of Domestic Animals in the Netherlands (EDAN), aims at a better understanding of animal husbandry through aDNA and isotope analyses, within a framework of statistical chronological modelling. We expect this project to enhance the debate greatly.

Publisher

Walter de Gruyter GmbH

Subject

Education,Archeology,Conservation

Reference62 articles.

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3. Bogaard, A. (2008). Comment on R. T. J. Cappers & D. C. M. Raemaekers: Cereal cultivation at Swifterbant? Neolithic wetland farming on the north European plain. Current Anthropology, 49, 394–395.

4. Brinkkemper, O. , Hogestijn, W. J. , Peeters, H. , Visser, D. , & Whitton, C. (1999). The early Neolithic site at Hoge Vaart, Almere, the Netherlands, with particular reference to non-diffusion of crop plants, and the significance of site function and sample location. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 8, 79–86.

5. Brinkkemper, O. , & Van Haaster, H. (2010). Delfts groen. Archeobotanisch onderzoek aan Delft-Voordijkshoornsepolder, een nederzetting uit 1075–1150 (=BIAXiaal 430). Zaandam: BIAX Consult.

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