Hereditary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR): clinical heterogeneity and long-term efficacious management of eight patients from four unrelated Arab families with a loss of function VDR mutation

Abstract

Abstract Background: Vitamin D regulates the concentrations of calcium and phosphate in blood and promotes the growth and remodeling of bones. The circulating active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which heterodimerizes with the retinoid X receptor to regulate the expression of target genes. Inactivating mutations in the VDR gene cause hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR), a rare disorder characterized by an early onset of rickets, growth retardation, skeletal deformities, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism, and in some cases alopecia. Methods: We describe eight new HVDRR patients from four unrelated consanguineous families. The VDR gene was sequenced to identify mutations. The management of patients over a period of up to 11 years following the initial diagnosis is assessed. Results: Although all patients exhibit main features of HVDRR and carry the same c.885C>A (p.Y295*) loss of function mutation in the VDR gene, there was heterogeneity of the manifestations of HVDRR-associated phenotypes and developmental milestones. These eight patients were successfully treated over a period of 11 years. All clinical symptoms were improved except alopecia. Conclusions: The study concludes that VDR sequencing and laboratory tests are essential to confirm HVDRR and to assess the effectiveness of the treatment.