Habitual khat chewing alters urinary inorganic profile in adult healthy males

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Khat (Catha edulis) is a stimulant plant, and it is abusive to induce euphoria, alertness and activity. Concomitant use of medications and khat chewing predisposes to the appearance of drug interactions result in treatment failure or toxicity. This study determined the changes in the urinary inorganic profile in adult healthy males who are chewing khat compared with non-khat chewer males. Methods A total of 40 adult non-smoker healthy males (20 khat chewer and 20 non-khat chewer) aged 24–30 years were selected. Khat chewer samples were positive for cathinone and cathine and negative for other drug of abuse, while non-khat chewer samples were negative for drug of abuse include cathinone and cathine. Samples were selected according to their results in immunoassay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Cathine and cathinone were confirmed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) analysis. Inorganic profile includes titanium (Ti), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were determined by using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results The levels of Ti, Co, Zn, Cd, and Pb in urine were significantly higher among the khat chewer group compared with non-khat chewer. Ti, Cd, Co, Pb and Zn urine levels were 0.5-, 1.5-, 1.15-, 5-, and 8.2-fold higher in the khat chewer group compared to non-khat chewer, respectively. Conclusions We suggested that continuous khat chewing has a long term effect on metabolic pathway of therapeutic drugs that result in toxicity or failure of therapy.