Epigenetic function in neurodevelopment and cognitive impairment

Abstract

Abstract Brain development comprises a fine-tuned ensemble of molecular processes that need to be orchestrated in a very coordinated way throughout time and space. A wide array of epigenetic mechanisms, ranging from DNA methylation and histone modifications to noncoding RNAs, have been identified for their major role in guiding developmental processes such as progenitor proliferation, neuronal migration, and differentiation through precise regulation of gene expression programs. The importance of epigenetic processes during development is reflected by the high prevalence of neurodevelopmental diseases which are caused by a lack or mutation of genes encoding for transcription factors and other epigenetic regulators. Most of these factors process central functions for proper brain development, and respective mutations lead to severe cognitive defects. A better understanding of epigenetic programs during development might open new routes toward better treatment options for related diseases.