Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method

Author:

Arockiasamy Felix Sahayaraj1,Muthukrishnan Mayakrishnan2,Iyyadurai Jenish3,Kaliappan Seeniappan4,Lakshmaiya Natrayan5,Djearamane Sinouvassane67,Tey Lai-Hock7,Wong Ling Shing8,Kayarohanam Saminathan9,Obaid Sami Al10,Alfarraj Saleh11,Sivakumar Subpiramaniyam12

Affiliation:

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology , Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu-641402 , India

2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sree Sakthi Engineering College , Tamil Nadu-641104 , India

3. Department of Applied Mechanics, Seenu Atoll School, Hulhu-medhoo , Addu City 19060 , Maldives

4. Department of Mechatronics Engineering, KCG College of Technology, Karapakkam , Chennai-600097 , Tamil Nadu , India

5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India

6. Biomedical Research Unit and Lab Animal Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University , Chennai 602 105 , India

7. Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat , Kampar 31900 , Malaysia

8. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University , Nilai , 71800 Malaysia

9. Faculty of Bioeconomics and Health Sciences, Geomatika University College , Kuala Lumpur 54200 , Malaysia

10. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University , PO Box-2455 , Riyadh -11451 , Saudi Arabia

11. Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia

12. Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Pusan National University , Miryang-si , Gyeongsangnam-do 50463 , Republic of Korea

Abstract

Abstract The tribological properties of the sponge gourd outer skin fiber (SGOSF)-reinforced epoxy composites filled with tamarind seed powder were investigated using a pin-on-disc dry sliding wear testing machine. The fiber and filler contents were kept constant (30 and 7.5 wt%). The fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which increases the bonding strength that has been identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM). A filler content of 7.5 wt% has better hardness due to the embedment of filler with treated fiber and epoxy. Therefore, the SGOSFs/epoxy with 7.5 wt% tamarind filler was chosen for the study of tribological characterization. The lowest specific wear rate of 2.565 × 10−4 mm3·N m−1 was obtained using the design of expert optimization technique for the control factors such as a load of 44.99 N, a sliding distance of 1,701.39 m, and a sliding velocity of 3.36 m·s−1 using a ramp plot at the desirable level of 1. For the gripping material application, the highest coefficient of friction value of 0.51 was obtained by maintaining the specified input parameters, such as a load of 42.15 N, a sliding distance of 1,874.86 m, and a sliding velocity of 4.99 m·s−1 using a ramp plot at the desirable level of 0.927. SEM images were used to investigate the failure mechanism of the worn surfaces, which substantiates the failure of the pure matrix layer on the surface even at low load, followed by the formation of a rarely breakable adhesive layer.

Publisher

Walter de Gruyter GmbH

Subject

Polymers and Plastics,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,General Chemical Engineering

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