Possible role of biochemiluminescent photons for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-induced phosphenes and visual hallucinations

Author:

Kapócs Gábor12,Scholkmann Felix34,Salari Vahid56,Császár Noémi78,Szőke Henrik9,Bókkon István710

Affiliation:

1. 1Social Home for Psychiatric Patients, H-9970, Szentgotthard, Hungary

2. 2Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary

3. 3Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland

4. 4Research Office for Complex Physical and Biological Systems (ROCoS), CH-8038 Zurich, Switzerland

5. 5Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (Islamic Republic of)

6. 6School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran 19395-5531, Iran (Islamic Republic of)

7. 7Psychoszomatic OutPatient Department, H-1037, Budapest, Hungary

8. 8Gaspar Karoly University Psychological Institute, H-1091 Budapest, Hungary

9. 9Doctors School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary

10. 10Vision Research Institute, Neuroscience and Consciousness Research Department, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America

Abstract

AbstractToday, there is an increased interest in research on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) because it may offer new opportunities in psychotherapy under controlled settings. The more we know about how a drug works in the brain, the more opportunities there will be to exploit it in medicine. Here, based on our previously published papers and investigations, we suggest that LSD-induced visual hallucinations/phosphenes may be due to the transient enhancement of bioluminescent photons in the early retinotopic visual system in blind as well as healthy people.

Publisher

Walter de Gruyter GmbH

Subject

General Neuroscience

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