Comparing cranial suture interdigitation in humans and non-human primates: unearthing links to osteopathic cranial concept

Abstract

Abstract Context Since William Garner Sutherland’s inception of osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine (OCMM), osteopathic physicians have practiced with the knowledge that cranial sutures exhibit motion. We hypothesize that the complexity of suture interdigitation in humans may provide clues to elucidate the concept of OCMM. Objectives We compared the interdigitation of sagittal, coronal (left and right), and lambdoid (left and right) sutures in computed tomography (CT) scans of humans and five nonhuman primate species (Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan troglodytes, Hylobates lar, and Nasalis larvatus). Methods Human ages are evenly distributed between 10 and 65 years of age, with an equal number of males (n=16) and females (n=16) in the sample. Nonhuman primates are all females, and the sample includes juveniles (n=6) and adults (n=34). Sutures were evaluated on a scale ranging from 0 to 3 (0: fused sutures; 1: no interdigitation; 2: low complexity; and 3: representing the highest degree of interdigitation and complexity). Results Based on ordinary least squares linear regression, we found no significant relationship between suture interdigitation and age in humans. Chi-square tests were utilized to assess sex differences within humans, species-level differences, and differences between humans and nonhuman primates across all five sutures. Humans exhibited a statistically significant greater degree of suture complexity than all five nonhuman species across all five sutures. Conclusions These findings indicate that human suture interdigitation is more complex than their closest living relatives (African apes) and other primates (Asian monkeys and apes). We theorize that this would enable subtle movement and serve to transmit forces at the cranial sutures from dietary or ethological behaviors, similar to the pattern observed in other mammals. While humans have a softer diet compared to other living primates, the uniqueness of human craniofacial growth and extended developmental period could contribute to the necessity for complex cranial sutures. More studies are needed to understand variation in human and nonhuman sutural complexity and its relationship to cranial motion.