Analytical Profiling of Airplane Wastewater - a New Matrix for Mapping Worldwide Patterns of Drug Use and Abuse

Author:

Mardal Marie1,Aarestrup Frank Møller2,Rasmussen Brian Schou1,Mollerup Christian Brinch1,Dalsgaard Petur Weihe1,Linnet Kristian1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Kbh Ø, Denmark

2. National Food Institute , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads building 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

Abstract

Abstract There is limited knowledge on the global prescription and consumption patterns of therapeutic (TD) and illicit drugs (ID). Pooled urine analysis and wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used for local-based drug screening. It is, however, difficult to study the global epidemiology due to difficulties in obtaining samples. The aims of the study were to test the detectability of TD and ID in airplane wastewater samples categorized according to their geographical origin. Wastewater samples (n= 17) were collected from long-distance flights and prepared with enzymatic conjugate cleaving followed by either precipitation or solid phase extraction. Aliquots were analysed on various liquid chromatography – mass spectrometers. TDs were grouped according to their Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) codes. Identification confidence was assigned to three levels based on variables including detection on multiple instruments and number of targets per compound. A total of 424 compounds were identified across all samples, distributed on 87 unique TD and 2 ID. Two principal components in a principal component analysis separated three clusters of wastewater samples corresponding to geographical origin of the airplanes with therapeutic subgroup ATC codes as variables. Airplane wastewater analysis is useful for identifying targets for WBE and toxicological analysis and explore drug use and abuse patterns.

Publisher

Walter de Gruyter GmbH

Cited by 1 articles. 订阅此论文施引文献 订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献

1. Wastewater-based epidemiology: Evidence mapping toward identifying emerging areas of research;Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for the Assessment of Human Exposure to Environmental Pollutants;2023

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