Global occurrence, chemical properties, and ecological impacts of e-wastes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Author:

Purchase Diane1ORCID,Abbasi Golnoush2,Bisschop Lieselot3,Chatterjee Debashish4,Ekberg Christian5,Ermolin Mikhail6,Fedotov Petr7,Garelick Hemda1,Isimekhai Khadijah8,Kandile Nadia G.9,Lundström Mari10,Matharu Avtar11,Miller Bradley W.12,Pineda Antonio13,Popoola Oluseun E.14,Retegan Teodora5,Ruedel Heinz15,Serpe Angela16,Sheva Yehuda17,Surati Kiran R.18,Walsh Fiona19,Wilson Benjamin P.10,Wong Ming Hung20

Affiliation:

1. Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology , Middlesex University , The Burroughs , London NW4 4BT , UK

2. NILU. P.O Box 100, NO-2027 , Kjeller , Norway

3. Erasmus Initiative on Dynamics of Inclusive Prosperity & Erasmus School of Law , Erasmus University Rotterdam , P.O. Box 1738 – 3000 DR , Rotterdam , Netherlands

4. Faculty of Analytical Chemistry , University of Kalyani , Kalyani , Nadia , 741235 , India

5. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nuclear Chemistry and Industrial Materials Recycling , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-41296 , Göteborg , Sweden

6. National University of Science and Technology “MISiS” , 4 Leninsky Prospect , Moscow , 119049 , Russia

7. V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 19 Kosygin Street , Moscow , 119991 , Russia

8. Ateda Ventures Limited , P.P. Box 13394 , Benin City , Edo State , Nigeria

9. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women , Ain Shams University , Heliopolis , 11757 , Cairo , Egypt

10. Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering (CMET), School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16200 , AALTO , Finland

11. Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK

12. 9681 S. Johnson St. , Littleton , CO , USA

13. Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IVa, Km 396 , Córdoba , E-14014 , Spain

14. Department of Chemical Science , Yaba College of Technology , Lagos , Nigeria

15. Department Environmental Specimen Bank and Elemental Analysis , Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME) , Schmallenberg , 57392 , Germany

16. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture (DICAAR) and INSTM Unit , University of Cagliari and Environmental Geology and Geoengineering Institute of the National Research Council (IGAG-CNR) , Via Marengo 2 , Cagliari , 09123 , Italy

17. TAHAL Consulting Eng., Ltd. , Tel Aviv , Israel

18. Department of Chemistry , Sardar Patel University , Vallabh Vidyanagar , Anand , Gujarat , 388120 , India

19. Maynooth University , Maynooth , Co Kildare , Ireland

20. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control , Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong , Tai Po , Hong Kong , China

Abstract

Abstract The waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment grows exponentially, creating a worldwide pollution and resource problem. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) comprises a heterogeneous mix of glass, plastics (including flame retardants and other additives), metals (including rare Earth elements), and metalloids. The e-waste issue is complex and multi-faceted. In examining the different aspects of e-waste, informal recycling in developing countries has been identified as a primary concern, due to widespread illegal shipments; weak environmental, as well as health and safety, regulations; lack of technology; and inadequate waste treatment structure. For example, Nigeria, Ghana, India, Pakistan, and China have all been identified as hotspots for the disposal of e-waste. This article presents a critical examination on the chemical nature of e-waste and the resulting environmental impacts on, for example, microbial biodiversity, flora, and fauna in e-waste recycling sites around the world. It highlights the different types of risk assessment approaches required when evaluating the ecological impact of e-waste. Additionally, it presents examples of chemistry playing a role in potential solutions. The information presented here will be informative to relevant stakeholders seeking to devise integrated management strategies to tackle this global environmental concern.

Funder

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Publisher

Walter de Gruyter GmbH

Subject

General Chemical Engineering,General Chemistry

Reference198 articles.

1. EU Directive, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32012L0019 (accessed Nov 13, 2018).

2. C. P. Baldé, V. Forti, V. Gray, R. Kuehr, P. Stregmann. The Global E-waste Monitor 2017, United Nations University, Bonn/Geneva/Vienna (2017).

3. F. Magalini, R. Kuehr, C. P. Baldé. e-Waste in Latin America, GSMA/United Nations University, Bonn/Geneva/Vienna (2015).

4. Secretariat of the Basel Convention. Where are WEee in Africa? Findings from the Basel Convention E-waste Africa Programme, Secretariat of the Basel Convention, Switzerland (2011).

5. C. P. Baldé, F. Wang, J. Wong, R. Kuehr, J. Huisman. The Global e-Waste Monitor 2014. United Nations University, Bonn/Geneva/Vienna (2015).

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