Environmental Performance of Kettle Production: Product Life Cycle Assessment

Author:

Marcinkowski Andrzej1,Zych Krzysztof1

Affiliation:

1. Lodz University of Technology

Abstract

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to compare the environmental impact caused by two different types of water boiling processes. The aim was achieved thanks to product life cycle assessment (LCA) conducted for stovetop and electric kettles. A literature review was carried out. A research model was worked out on the basis of data available in literature as well as additional experiments. In order to have a better opportunity to compare LCA results with reviewed literature, eco-indicator 99 assessment method was chosen. The functional unit included production, usage and waste disposal of each product (according to from cradle to grave approach) where the main function is boiling 3360 l of water during 4-year period of time. A very detailed life cycle inventory was carried out. The mass of components was determined with accuracy of three decimal places (0.001 g). The majority of environmental impact is caused by electricity or natural gas consumption during usage stage: 92% in case of the electric and kettle and 99% in case of stovetop one. Assembly stage contributed in 7% and 0.8% respectively. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses took into consideration various waste scenario patterns as well as demand for transport. Environmental impact turned out to be strongly sensitive to a chosen pattern of energy delivery (electricity mix) which determined final comparison results. Basing on LCA results, some improvements of products were suggested. The boiling time optimization was pointed out for electric kettle's efficiency improvement. Obtained results can be used by manufacturers in order to improve their eco-effectiveness. Moreover, conclusions following the research part can influence the future choices of home appliances users.

Publisher

Walter de Gruyter GmbH

Subject

Management of Technology and Innovation,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,Management Information Systems

Reference16 articles.

1. [1] A. Ayoub and C. Irusta, “Comparison between Electric Kettle and Stovetop Kettle, Life Cycle Assessment – Group LCA 2”, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 2014.

2. [2] V. Bhakar, A. Aashray, A.K. Digalwar and K.S. Sangwan, “Life Cycle Assessment of CRT, LCD and LED Monitors”, Procedia CIRP, vol. 29, pp. 432-437, 2015.

3. [3] ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework, International Organization for Standardization, 2006.

4. [4] ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines, International Organization for Standardization, 2006.

5. [5] ISO 14004:2016 Environmental management systems – General guidelines on principles, systems and supporting, International Organization for Standardization, 2016.

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