Exploring the inter-subject variability in the relationship between glucose monitoring metrics and glycated hemoglobin for pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Despite the widespread diffusion of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, which includes both real-time CGM (rtCGM) and intermittently scanned CGM (isCGM), an effective application of CGM technology in clinical practice is still limited. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between isCGM-derived glycemic metrics and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), identifying overall CGM targets and exploring the inter-subject variability. Methods A group of 27 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes under multiple daily injection insulin-therapy was enrolled. All participants used the isCGM Abbott’s FreeStyle Libre system on average for eight months, and clinical data were collected from the Advanced Intelligent Distant-Glucose Monitoring platform. Starting from each HbA1c exam date, windows of past 30, 60, and 90 days were considered to compute several CGM metrics. The relationships between HbA1c and each metric were explored through linear mixed models, adopting an HbA1c target of 7%. Results Time in Range and Time in Target Range show a negative relationship with HbA1c (R2>0.88) whereas Time Above Range and Time Severely Above Range show a positive relationship (R2>0.75). Focusing on Time in Range in 30-day windows, random effect represented by the patient’s specific intercept reveals a high variability compared to the overall population intercept. Conclusions This study confirms the relationship between several CGM metrics and HbA1c; it also highlights the importance of an individualized interpretation of the CGM data.