Hydroxyapatite biomaterials: a comprehensive review of their properties, structures, clinical applications, and producing techniques

Abstract

Abstract Before employing a biomedical material in medical applications, a researcher must possess comprehensive knowledge regarding its chemical, physical, biological, structural, and mechanical properties. Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) is a vital constituent of the calcium orthophosphate group. The material exhibits good dielectric and biological compatibility, diamagnetic behavior, thermal stability, osteoconductivity, and bioactivity. Additionally, it has a Ca:P molar ratio of 1.67. Because HAp has a chemical composition that is quite similar to normal bone and teeth, it has the potential to be used as a material for implant implantation in fractured portions of the human skeletal system. Many ways for generating HAp nanoparticles have been found as a result of the increasing usage of HAp in medicine. The conditions under which HAp is generated determine its physical and chemical properties, crystalline structure, and form. This study provides detailed information on the HAp’s characteristics and manufacturing procedures, as well as revealing the structure and its properties.