comprehensive review of ophthalmic drug delivery systems for effective antibiotic therapy

Abstract

Background: Ophthalmic drug delivery presents a unique challenge due to the complexity of ocular anatomy and the barriers to drug absorption. Current ocular formulations struggle with issues such as low bioavailability and rapid drug elimination, necessitating advancements in drug delivery systems to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Aim: This review aims to evaluate various ophthalmic drug delivery systems specifically for antibiotic therapies, addressing their efficacy in overcoming ocular barriers and improving drug retention. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on different ophthalmic drug delivery systems including topical formulations (eye drops, ointments, hydrogels, and contact lenses), novel systems (in situ gels, nanoparticles, and emulsions), and advanced techniques like intraocular injections. Key developments and challenges associated with each method were analyzed to assess their impact on drug bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes. Results: Traditional ophthalmic delivery methods, such as eye drops and ointments, are limited by factors such as rapid drug clearance and poor bioavailability. Innovations such as in situ gelling systems, nanoparticles, and emulsions have shown promise in extending drug residence time and enhancing bioavailability. Specifically, nanoparticles offer targeted delivery and prolonged action, while hydrogels and emulsions improve drug solubility and stability.