Trends and challenges in managing diabetes mellitus-personalized medicine

Abstract

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major global health issue, contributing to significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The World Health Organization reported an increase in DM diagnoses, with 422 million adults affected globally by 2014. Despite a decline in newly diagnosed cases in the U.S., DM remains prevalent, significantly impacting cardiovascular health and incurring substantial healthcare costs. Aim: This article aims to explore the trends and challenges in managing DM through personalized medicine, focusing on genetic insights and pharmacogenomics to improve treatment strategies. Methods: The review encompasses recent advancements in genetic research and pharmacogenomics relevant to DM. It discusses the genetic underpinnings of both Type 1 and Type 2 DM, including monogenic forms like MODY and NDM. Various methodologies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies, are evaluated for their contributions to understanding DM susceptibility and treatment responses. Results: The findings highlight significant progress in identifying genetic variants associated with DM risk and treatment response. Key genes, including TCF7L2, KCNJ11, and PPAR-γ, have been implicated in susceptibility and drug response. Monogenic forms like MODY and NDM present distinct genetic profiles that necessitate tailored treatment approaches.