Investigating the impact of coffee consumption and cigarette smoking in the oral cavity and periodontal tissues

Abstract

Relevance. Modern studies demonstrate that the combination of smoking and coffee drinking adversely affects the whole body, not only the oral mucosa. The study aimed to investigate the impact of coffee consumption and smoking in the oral mucosa and periodontal tissues.Materials and methods. We examined 60 dental patients, mean age of 22.1 ± 0.3 years old. The first group included nonsmoking coffee drinkers, the second – non-coffee-drinkers-smokers, the third – smokers- coffee-drinkers. In all patients, we determined hygiene and periodontal indices: PMA (papillary-marginal-attached) index Parma, Muhlemann sulcus bleeding index (SBI) modified by Cowell, simplified Green-Vermillion Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-s). The study examined microcirculation in periodontal tissues using Doppler ultrasound. We took patients’ blood pressure and heart rate to study salivary flow rate, pH and viscosity according to the Redinova-Pozdeev technique.Results. The combination of coffee consumption and smoking affects the dynamics of the blood flow (BP, HR). The study of periodontal tissue blood supply revealed a significant increase in microcirculation in non-smoking coffee drinkers. Smoking negatively affected periodontal blood supply, namely periodontal circulation decreased, while general circulation parameters increased after smoking. In all studied groups, salivary flow rate increased, and saliva pH and viscosity decreased. The third group exhibited the most significant changes in these parameters.Conclusion. Combined coffee consumption and smoking deter periodontal microcirculation, cause significant adverse changes in the oral fluid, and may take their toll on dental health.