1. 1903.Proceedings of the Joint Convention of the Team Drivers' International Union and the Teamsters' National Union and Proceedings of the Convention of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Niagara Falls, NY, August 3-13,1903 (hereafter Proceedings of 1903IBT Convention), 167–168. Indianapolis: Cheltenham Press.
2. Arnesen. "Following the Color Line of Labor,"”. 80 In a recent essay, Eric Arnesen described an emerging trend towards "racialism," by which he meant that some authors have come to replace one type of determinism, "economist" as he puts it, with a view that all of history can be explained in terms of racial divisions
3. Letwin.The Challenge cf Interracial Unionism3
4. Wolman, Leo. 1975.The Growth of American Trade Unions, 1880-1923, 110–119. New York: Arno Press. The first and second respectively were: United Mine Workers (251,000) and the Carpenters (161,2 00), 1924
5. U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor. 1904.Special Reports: Occupations at the Twelfth Census, cviiv480–763. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Bureau of the Census