1. Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA;
2. Center for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, Colorado, USA;
3. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
4. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
5. Program of Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge, and Advocacy (PARCKA), Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA;
6. Informatics, Decision-Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences Center (IDEAS 2.0), Salt Lake City VA Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA