1. SeeWilliamsonJ. Underinvestment in Britain's Cities during the Industrial Revolution? Harvard Institute for Economic Research1987910
2. SeeGesundheitsamtKaiserlicheAmtKaiserlicheStatistisches Das Deutsche Reich in gesundheitlicher und demographischer Beziehung Puttkammer and MühlbrechtBerlin19074444A. Wohl, Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain, Cambridge, Mass., 1983, pp. 62–63; and E. Meeker, (1974), ‘The Social Rate of Return on Investments in Public Health, 1880–1910’, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 34, pp. 391–421.
3. The data for the United States are from Bureau of Census General Statistics of Cities: 1909 Government Printing OfficeWashington1913Table 1 and for Germany from Statistisches Jahrbuch deutscher Städte, Vol. 19 (1912), Tables 20(1) and 20(2).
4. SeeSmithF.B. The People's Health London1979244247G. Whipple, The Value of Pure Water, New York, 1907, pp. 7–16; F. Hueppe, ‘Der Zusammenhang der Wasserversorgung mit der Entstehung und Ausbreitung von Infectionskrankeiten und die heraus in hygienischer Beziehung abzuleitenden Folgerungen’, Deutsche Viertaljahrsschrift für öffentliche Gesundheitspflege, 20 (1888) pp. 385–391; and Bureau of the Census, Mortality Statistics: 1910, (11th Annual Report), Washington, GPO, 1913, p. 51.
5. Data for Massachusetts and the United States are from Bureau of the Census Historical Statistics of the United States Washington1960Series B 160 and B 116; France for cities greater than 5,000 in population from Annuaire Statistique de la France, Vol. 31, (1911), pp. 30–31, (Paris, Imprimérie Nationale, 1912); Germany for cities greater than 15,000 in population from Kaiserliche Gesundheitsamt and Kaiserliche Statistisches Amt, Das Deutsche Reich in gesundheitlicher und demographischer Beziehung, (Berlin, Puttkammer and Mühlbrecht, 1907), p. 44 and Statisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, Vol. 34 (1913); and for all of England and Wales, Report of the Registrar-General, 1909, (London, 1910).