Clinical effects of cannabis compared to synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs): a retrospective cohort study of presentations with acute toxicity to European hospitals between 2013 and 2020

Author:

Waters Mitchell L.1ORCID,Dargan Paul I.12,Yates Christopher3,Dines Alison M.1,Eyer Florian4,Giraudon Isabelle5,Heyerdahl Fridtjof67,Hovda Knut Erik8ORCID,Liechti Matthias E.9,Miró Òscar10,Vallersnes Odd Martin1112ORCID,Anseeuw Kurt13,Badaras Robertas14,Bitel Marcin15,Bonnici Jeffrey16,Brvar Miran17ORCID,Caganova Blazena18,Calýskan Feriyde19,Ceschi Alessandro20,Chamoun Karam21,Daveloose Laurence22,Galicia Miguel23,Gartner Birgit24,Gorozia Ketevan25,Grenc Damjan17,Gresnigt Femke M. J.26,Hondebrink Laura27ORCID,Jürgens Gesche28,Konstari Jutta29,Kutubidze Soso25,Laubner Gabija14,Liakoni Evangelia30,Liguts Viesturs31,Lyphout Cathelijne22,McKenna Roy32,Mégarbane Bruno21ORCID,Moughty Adrian33,Nitescu Gabriela Viorela34,Noseda Roberta20ORCID,O'Connor Niall32,Paasma Raido35,Ortega Perez Juan36,Perminas Marius37,Persett Per Sverre38,Põld Kristiina39,Puchon Erik18,Puiguriguer Jordi36,Radenkova-Saeva Julia40,Rulisek Jan41,Samer Caroline42,Schmid Yasmin9,Scholz Irene30,Stašinskis Roberts31,Surkus Jonas37,Van den Hengel-Koot Irma27,Vigorita Federico43,Vogt Severin9,Waldman Wojciech1544,Waring William Stephen45,Zacharov Sergej46,Zellner Tobias4ORCID,Wood David M.12

Affiliation:

1. Clinical Toxicology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s Health Partners, London, UK

2. Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

3. Emergency Department and Clinical Toxicology Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Mallorca, Spain

4. Department of Clinical Toxicology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

5. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon, Portugal

6. Prehospital Division, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

7. The Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Oslo, Norway

8. The Norwegian CBRNe Centre of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

9. Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

10. Emergency Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

11. Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

12. Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient Clinic, City of Oslo Health Agency, Oslo, Norway

13. Department of Emergency Medicine, ZNA Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium

14. Republic Vilnius University Hospital, Vilnius, Lithuania

15. Pomeranian Centre of Toxicology, Gdansk, Poland

16. Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta

17. Centre for Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

18. National Toxicological Information Centre, University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia

19. Izmir Medical Sciences University, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey

20. Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland

21. Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris University, Paris, France

22. Emergency Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

23. Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain

24. Emergency Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

25. Archangel St. Michael Multiprofile Clinical Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia

26. Emergency Department, OLVG Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

27. Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

28. Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Roskilde, Denmark

29. Malmi Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

30. Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

31. Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

32. Department of Emergency Medicine, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda, County Louth, Republic of Ireland

33. Emergency Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Republic of Ireland

34. Childrens Hospital Grigore Alexandrescu, Bucharest, Romania

35. Foundation Pärnu Hospital, Pärnu, Estonia

36. Clinical Toxicology Unit, Emergency Department, Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Island, Spain

37. Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

38. Department of Acute Medicine, Medical Division, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

39. Emergeny Medicine Department, North-Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia;

40. University Hospital for Emergency Medicine “N.I.Pirogov”, Sofia, Bulgaria

41. Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague 2, Czech Republic

42. Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

43. Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy

44. Medical University Gdansk, Department of Clinical Toxicology, Gdansk, Poland

45. Acute Medical Unit, York Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust York, York, UK

46. Toxicological Information Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague 2, Czech Republic

Publisher

Informa UK Limited

Reference33 articles.

1. World Drug Report 2023

2. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European drug report 2023: trends and developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2023. Available from: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2023_en

3. World Health Organisation. The health and social effects of nonmedicinal cannabis use. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organisation; 2016. ISBN 9789241510240e. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241510240

4. Emergency department presentations related to acute toxicity following recreational use of cannabis products in Switzerland

5. Presentations to the Emergency Department Following Cannabis use—a Multi-Centre Case Series from Ten European Countries

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