1. a Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Natural Disaster , Ministry of Education of China , College of Resource Science and Technology , Beijing Normal University , Beijing, 100875, China
2. b Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Nagoya 464‐8603, Japan
3. c Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305‐8572, Japan
4. d Graduate School of Environmental Studies , Nagoya University , Nagoya 464‐8603, Japan
5. e Department of Geography , 601 University Drive , ELA #139 , Texas State University , San Marcos, TX 78666, USA