1. Department of Apparel, Events, & Hospitality Management, College of Human Science, Iowa State University, 31 Mackay Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
2. College of Management, Yuan Ze University, ChungLi, Taiwan
3. Hospitality & Tourism Management, Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
4. Department of Hospitality & Culinary Art, Hyundai Art Institute of Vocational Education, Incheon, South Korea