1. National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK
2. Division of Health Services Research and Management, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
3. Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
4. Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
5. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA