1. Carnegie Council on Adolescence, Task Force on Youth Development and Community Programs,A Matter of Time: Risk and Opportunity in the Nonschool Hours(New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1992), pp. 28–29.
2. Beverly Daniel Tatum, “Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?” and Other Conversations about Race(New York: Basic Books, 1997), pp. 23, 57.
3. Shirley Brice Heath and Milbrey W. McLaughlin, eds.Identity and Inner-City Youth: Beyond Ethnicity and Gender(New York: Teachers College Press, 1993), p. 213.
4. Joy G. Dryfoos,Adolescents at Risk: Prevalence and Prevention(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 94–111.