1. Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
2. School of Artificial Intelligence, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
3. International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, CAS, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
4. Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
5. School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
6. SuperMap Software Co., Ltd., Beijing, People’s Republic of China
7. Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
8. The Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London, UK
9. School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China