1. Beidou Research Institute, Faculty of Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan, China
2. School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
3. Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, China
4. GeoSpatialx Lab, Geography Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
5. GeoDs Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA
6. School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
7. National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, Wuhan, China