1. Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
3. Massachusetts General Hospital Substance Use Disorder Initiative, Boston, MA, USA
4. Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
5. Heller School for Social Policy, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
6. Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Social Justice and Health Equity, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
7. Emergency Department, Nursing, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA