1. Ignacio Klich, “Towards an Arab-Latin American Bloc? The Genesis of Argentine-Middle East Relations: Jordan, 1945–54,”Middle Eastern Studies(July 1995): 550–572.
2. On the constraints on Argentina's wish to back a Jewish homeland in Palestine in 1947, see Juan Archibaldo Lanús,De Chapultepec al Beagle: Política exterior argentina, 1945–1980(Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores, 1984), pp. 354–355, and Ignacio Klich, “Argentina, the Arab World and the Partition of Palestine,” inProceedings of the Ninth World Congress of Jewish Studies, (vol. 3 (Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies, 1986) pp. 271–277.
3. Moshe Tov to Abba Eban, 5 August 1948, inIsrael Documents May-September 1948(Jerusalem, 1981), p. 489; Archivo del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (AMREC), Buenos Aires, United Nations Division (UND), Argentine Performance at the Security Council, 1948; Political Division (PD), Israel 8/949, Decree No. 3668, 14 February 1949; Draft bill No. 14339-M.31, 18 June 1949; Sir Henry Mack to Herbert Morrison, 22 June 1951, Public Record Office (PRO), Kew, Foreign Office (FO) 371/90481/A 10353/1; Edward B. Glick,Latin America and the Palestine Question(New York: Theodor Herzl Foundation, 1958), pp. 131, 134 and 171; and Rodolfo Baltiérrez, “La creación del Estado de Israel,”Todo es Historia(June 1988), p. 39. In his valuable effort to correct the mistaken though well-entrenched belief that Argentina was opposed to Israel's creation, Rodolfo Baltiérrez, a former Argentine ambassador in Tel Aviv, unfortunately erred when positing that Argentina was “the first Latin American state to establish diplomatic ties with the State of Israel.” By the time such relations were established, several months had elapsed since Israel's first resident diplomatic representative in the region, Jacob Tsur, was accredited to Uruguay in October 1948. Nonetheless, Argentina was the first Latin American state to open a diplomatic representation in Israel. Like others, diplomats are not above factual inaccuracies. Bearing in mind that Baltiérrez, a non-career diplomat, was neither part of the Argentine foreign service nor in Israel when the Perón government did so his straying from the facts is less noteworthy than that of Moshe Tov, the nascent State of Israel's liaison officer with the Latin American delegations at the UN. In August 1948, Tov informed the State Department that Argentina was among the Latin American states that had already recognized the Jewish state.
4. The growing literature on relations between Latin America and the Middle East—especially Israel, though also the Arab world—includes biographies and memoirs of diplomats and paradiplomats, as well as analytical and documentary works on various aspects of such links. Among the former see, for example, Berty Weber,La función de Samuel Goren en las cordiales relaciones chileno-israelíes (1948–1958)(Santiago: n.p., n.d.); Netanel Lorch,Whispering Waters(Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defence, 1969 [Hebrew]); Ovidio Gondi,Las batallas de papel en la casa de cristal (ONU: Los años decisivos)(Mexico: B. Costa-Amie Editor, 1971), pp. 226–229; Yaakov Tsur, “Oral Documentation: Latin America,” in Moshe Davis, ed.The Yom Kippur War: Israel and the Jewish People(New York: Arno Press, 1974), pp. 304–306; Moisés A. Tov,El murmullo de Israel: Historial diplomático(Jerusalem: Semana, 1983); Jacob Tsur,Cartas credenciales No4(Jerusalem: Semana, 1983); Benno Weiser Varon,Professions of a Lucky Jew(New York: Cornwall, 1992), pp. 175–405; and Aba Gefen,Defying the Holocaust: A Diplomat's Report(San Bernardino: Borgo, 1993), pp. 162–164, 167–170 and 189–192. Among the latter, see, for example, Shimeon Amir,Israel's Development Cooperation with Africa, Asia and Latin America(New York: Praeger, 1974); Michael Rubner, “Israel and Latin America: The Politics of Bilateral Economic Aid,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, 1975; “Argentina e Israel: Una tradición que nos honra,” Delegación de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas-Organización Sionista Argentina (DAIA-OSA), Buenos Aires, 1975; Pablo Cristiano, ed.Los argentinos y Palestina(Buenos Aires: Línea Nacional, 1976); Netanel Lorch,Siete capítulos en las relaciones israelo-latinoamericanas(Jerusalem: Instituto Central de Relaciones Culturales Israel-Iberoamérica, España y Portugal, 1977 [Hebrew]); Regina Sharif, “Latin America and the Arab-Israeli Conflict,”Journal of Palestine Studies(Autumn 1977), pp. 98–122; Edy Kaufman, Yoram Shapira and Joel Barromi,Israel-Latin American Relations(New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1979); Yoram Shapira, “Cuba and the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” in Cole Blasier and Carmelo Mesa-Lago, eds.Cuba in the World(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979), pp. 153–166; Nathaniel Lorch, “Latin America and Israel,”Jerusalem Quarterly(Winter 1982), pp. 70–84; Lands,De Chapultepec al Beagle, pp. 353–373, 378–381; Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, “U.S.Israeli-Central American Connection,”The Link(November 1985), pp. 1–13; Sa'ib Ariqat, “The Arabs, Israel, Latin America,”Arab Journal of Political Science1(1986); Bishara Bahbah,Israel and Latin America: The Military Connection(New York: St. Martin's Press, in association with the Institute for Palestine Studies, 1986); Ignacio Klich, “Latin America and the Palestinian Question,”Research Report(London: Institute of Jewish Affairs, 1986); Cheryl Rubenberg, “Israeli Foreign Policy in Central America,”Third World Quarterly(July 1986), pp. 896–915; Ismael Viñas, “Israel-Latinoamerica: ¿Pragmatismo o relaciones internacionales subrogadas?”Dispersión y Unidad(Summer 1986), pp. 205–224; Jane Hunter,Israeli Foreign Policy: South Africa and Central America(Boston; South End Press, 1987); Bruce Hoffman,The PLO and Israel in Central America: The Geopolitical Dimension(Santa Monica: Rand, 1988); Domingo Amuchástegui Alvarez and Emilio Arias Castillo, “Posición de los países de América Latina y el Caribe en la ONU ante la crisis del Medio Oriente (1947–1982): Condicionamiento y variaciones,” in Domingo Amuchástegui Alvarez, Emilio Arias Castillo, Olga M. Rufins Machín and Jorge Manfugás Lavigne, eds.Problemas actuales del mundo árabe(Havana, 1988); Jon Lee Anderson, “Loose Cannons: On the Trail of Israel's Gunrunners in Central America,”New Outlook(February 1989), pp. 11–28; Louis Blom-Cooper,Guns for Antigua: Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Circumstances Surrounding the Shipment of Arms from Israel to Antigua and Transhipment on 24 April 1989 en Route to Colombia(London: Duckworth for the Government of Antigua and Barbuda, 1990); Ignacio Klich, “Israel, the PLO and Nicaragua: The Kernel and the Shell,” in Damian J. Fernández, ed.Central America and the Middle East(Miami: Florida International University Press, 1990), pp. 42–93; Marcel Zohar,Let My People Go to Hell(Tel Aviv: Citrin Publishing House, 1990 [Hebrew]); Oxford Analytica,Latin America in Perspective(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 297–300; Leonardo Senkman, “The Concept of the Holy Land in Iberoamérica,” in Moshe Davis, ed.With the Eyes toward Zion(New York, 1991); Miguel V. Garcia,Argentina en el Golfo(Buenos Aires: Editorial Pleamar, 1992); Charles T. Barber, “Linkages between Latin America and the Middle East,” paper presented at the 34th annual convention of the International Studies Association, Acapulco, 23–27 March 1993; Judit Bokser-Liwerant, “Fuentes de legitimación: La comunidad judía de Mexico, 1975–1992,” paper presented at the 11th World Congress of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem, 22–29 June 1993; and Ignacio Klich, “La posibilidad del asentamiento de palestinos en la Argentina (1948–1952): Una perspectiva comparada,”Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos(April 1994), pp. 115–142.