1. Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;
2. Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;
3. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;
4. Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA;
5. Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA;
6. The Malone Center for Engineering in Health Care, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA;
7. Division of Health Sciences Informatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;