1. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia;
2. Department of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital, Alomran Scientific Chair, King Faisal University, Al-Ahssa, Saudi Arabia;
3. Department of Microbiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafre Al Batin, Hafre Al Batin, Saudi Arabia;
4. Department of Pathology, King Fahd Hospital of The University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia;
5. Department of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia;
6. Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA