Famine in Ukraine in 1921–1923 and the Soviet Government's Countermeasures

Abstract

By the end of 1920 the Soviet government achieved victories over all its external enemies. The white Russian armies were pushed out of their stronghold — Crimea. The Ukrainian army, in war against Soviet Russia, was also interned by its former ally — Poland. While external enemies ceased to represent any real menace to the Soviet government the situation on the internal front was far from satisfactory. Disillusioned workers and dissatisfied peasants presented quite a problem for the victorious but weak Soviet government. But an even worse situation existed in Ukraine which, it was hoped, would provide food for the major Russian cities. Although Ukraine was conquered by the Russian Red Army, it was not entirely subdued. It was aflame through numerous uprisings of nationally conscious elements who struggled for Ukrainian independence. The forcible requisition of food products in Ukrainian villages alienated the Ukrainian peasantry and turned its sympathies to the Ukrainian guerillas. Many of the young and able-bodied men joined the underground forces hoping that the tide may yet turn in their favor.