1. Higher levels of turnout among pro-Kuchma voters in certain regions could also reflect ballot box stuffing (Herron and Johnson, 2003).
2. The interactive term for southwest was excluded in the eight region analysis because Rukh nominated candidates in every district in that region.
3. When the four-region model is tested using tobit, SMD is significant at the 0.05 level.
4. This effect has been demonstrated in other mixed electoral systems (Cox and Schoppa, 2002; Herron and Nishikawa, 2001).
5. Again, the west region was excluded in the two-region model, while the south serves as the comparison region in the four- and eight-region models.