1. Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
2. Department of Fire Engineering, Building Research Institute, Tachihara 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0802, Japan
3. Institute of Technology, Shimizu Corporation, Etchujima 3-4-17, Koto, Tokyo 135-8530, Japan