1. Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
2. Division of Perioperative & Procedural Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
3. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
4. Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
5. Section of Surgical Critical Care, Corporal Michael Crescencz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA