1. VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
2. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
3. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
4. Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
5. Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
6. School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT
7. Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT