1. To be clearly distinguished from a prophetic text that began to circulate under the same authorship during the eleventh century, edited by Erdmann, “Endkaiserglaube,” 396–403. On the chronological placement of this Cumaean Sibyl, see below, p. 3.
2. Benzo of Alba, Ad Heinricum IV Imperatorem Libri VII, ed. Hans Seyffert, MGH SS rer. Germ. 65 (Hanover, 1996), 142, 144, 146.
3. See Vita Antichristi ad Carolum Magnum ab Alcuino edita, in Adso Dervensis, De ortu et tempore Antichristi: necnon et tractatus qui ab eo dependunt, ed. Daniël Verhelst (Turnhout, 1976), 105–28. The original text of Adso is edited in ibid., 20–30. In reality, the Pseudo-Alcuin prophecy does not rely directly on Adso’s writing but on one of its first reworkings: the Descriptio cuiusdam sapientis de Antichristo, probably dating back to the early eleventh century (see Verhelst’s introduction to the text in ibid., 33–53). The French origin of Pseudo-Alcuin’s text seems to be confirmed not only by its content, as will be shown in the final pages of this article, but also by the fact that all of the most ancient manuscripts conveying it (dating back to the twelfth century) come from France: see ibid., 110–15. For a discussion of this adaptation of Adso’s writing, see also Matthew Gabriele, An Empire of Memory: The Legend of Charlemagne, the Franks, and Jerusalem before the First Crusade (New York, 2011), 123–25, 127.