1. Early Mamluk Diplomacy (1260-1290)
2. In the Iberian Peninsula, as in the Holy Land, there could be no permanent peace with Muslim powers: cf. Jonathan Riley-Smith, “Peace Never Established: The Case of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,”Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 28 (1978): 87–102.
3. Juan F. Rivera Recio,La iglesia de Toledo en el siglo XII (1086–1208), 2 vols. (Rome, 1966–76), 1:228–29;Papsturkunden in Spanien. III. Kastilien, ed. Daniel Berger, Klaus Herbers, and Thorsten Schlauwitz, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Neue Folge 50 (Berlin, 2020), 488–89 doc. 265. In 1188, Clement III had already called for a ten-year peace between Christian rulers in the Peninsula: Rivera Recio,La iglesia de Toledo, 1:222–23;Papsturkunden in Spanien. III, 466–68 doc. 253.
4. Rivera Recio,La iglesia de Toledo, 1:229–30;Papsturkunden in Spanien. III, 504–5 doc. 276. On Celestine’s use of interdict, or the threat of interdict, in this context, see Carlos de Ayala Martínez, “ElInterdictumeclesiástico en los reinos de León y Castilla hasta el IV Concilio de Letrán,” inDas Interdikt in der europäischen Vormoderne, ed. Tobias Daniels, Christian Jaser, and Thomas Woelki,Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung57 (Berlin, 2021), 375–411, here at 391–92, 395.