1. The core countries we examine include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, South Korea (hereafter Korea), Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey and, where data are available, Hong Kong and China.
2. Technological Accumulation and Industrial Growth: Contrasts Between Developed and Developing Countries
3. Academia, rather than government or business, accounts for the overwhelming share of scientific publications in latecomer countries (with the exception of Singapore, where academe's share was ‘only‘ around 90%).