1. Department of Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, National Chi-Nan University, 1, Daxue Rd., Puli Township, Nantou County 545, Taiwan
2. Department of Leisure and Recreation Management, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
3. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, 288 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA